Discussão de Piketty

Challenging the Empirical Contribution of Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century

Phillip W. Magness, Institute for Humane Studies, George Mason University

http://journal.apee.org/index.php?title=Private.Enterprise.v30.n1.2015.Spring_parte1.pdf

• Review: ‘The Economics of Inequality,’ by Thomas Piketty Mr. Piketty follows up “Capital in the Twenty-First Century,” last year’s landmark economic analysis, with a slightly revised version of a book he wrote in 1997. Salvar THE NEW YORK TIMES ·2.853 COMPARTILHAMENTOS · 2 DE AGOSTO DE 2015
• New thoughts on capital in the twenty-first century French economist Thomas Piketty caused a sensation in early 2014 with his book on a simple, brutal formula explaining economic inequality: r > g (meaning that return on capital is generally higher than economic growth). Here, he talks through the massive data set that led him to conclude: Economic inequality is not new, but it is getting worse, with radical possible impacts. Salvar TED · 8.471 COMPARTILHAMENTOS ·6 DE OUTUBRO DE 2014
• Thomas Piketty’s “Capital”, summarised in four paragraphs IT IS the economics book taking the world by storm. "Capital in the Twenty-First Century", written by the French economist Thomas Piketty, was published in French... Salvar THE ECONOMIST · 30.251 COMPARTILHAMENTOS ·4 DE MAIO DE 2014

Economia de matchmaking e market design

Who Gets What — and Why: The New Economics of Matchmaking and Market Design Kindle Edition

by Alvin E. Roth

A Nobel laureate reveals the often surprising rules that govern a vast array of activities — both mundane and life-changing — in which money may play little or no role.

If you’ve ever sought a job or hired someone, applied to college or guided your child into a good kindergarten, asked someone out on a date or been asked out, you’ve participated in a kind of market. Most of the study of economics deals with commodity markets, where the price of a good connects sellers and buyers. But what about other kinds of “goods,” like a spot in the Yale freshman class or a position at Google? This is the territory of matching markets, where “sellers” and “buyers” must choose each other, and price isn’t the only factor determining who gets what.

Alvin E. Roth is one of the world’s leading experts on matching markets. He has even designed several of them, including the exchange that places medical students in residencies and the system that increases the number of kidney transplants by better matching donors to patients. In Who Gets What — And Why, Roth reveals the matching markets hidden around us and shows how to recognize a good match and make smarter, more confident decisions.

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Modelo de negócios

Steve Jobs: “My model for business is the Beatles: They were four guys that kept each other’s negative tendencies in check; they balanced each other. And the total was greater than the sum of the parts. Great things in business are never done by one person; they are done by a team of people.” |

Elinor Ostrom

Elinor Ostrom, the first woman to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, is also one of the most iconoclastic thinkers to win it. (She shared it with Oliver Williamson.) Professor Ostrom’s work focuses on the mechanisms of self-governance that operate in different societies. Her intellectual curiosity led her to study local public economies—in particular the municipal provision of police services, the management of water supplies, fisheries, forestry, and development in the less-developed world. Her framework of analysis builds from a model of humanly rational choice to a historically grounded institutional analysis. She studies the rules that govern the behavior of individuals in their interactions both with nature and with one another.
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5 mitos sobre a bomba nuclear

Five myths about the atomic bomb

By Gregg Herken 

 Gregg Herken is an emeritus professor of U.S. diplomatic history at the University of California and the author of “The Winning Weapon: The Atomic Bomb in the Cold War” and “Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller.” As a Smithsonian curator in 1995, he participated in early planning for the National Air and Space Museum’s Enola Gay exhibit.

On Aug. 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Another bomb fell Aug. 9 on Nagasaki. Decades later, controversy and misinformation still surround the decision to use nuclear weapons during World War II. The 70th anniversary of the event presents an opportunity to set the record straight on five widely held myths about the bomb.

1. The bomb ended the war.

Robert Conquest

Robert Conquest, a historian whose landmark studies of the Stalinist purges and the Ukrainian famine of the 1930s documented the horrors perpetrated by the Soviet regime against its own citizens, died on Monday in Stanford, ....
“The Great Terror: A Reassessment” included new information made available after the collapse of the Soviet Union. It was less a reassessment, however, than a triumphant vindication of the original edition, since newly released material from the Soviet archives supported Mr. Conquest’s findings at every turn.
during the Prague Spring, he published “The Great Terror: Stalin’s Purge of the Thirties,” a chronicle of Stalin’s merciless campaign against political opponents, intellectuals, military officers — anyone who could be branded an “enemy of the people.”

For the first time, facts and incidents scattered in myriad sources were gathered in a gripping narrative. Its impact would not be matched until the publication of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s “The Gulag Archipelago” in 1973.

The scope of Stalin’s purges was laid out: seven million people arrested in the peak years, 1937 and 1938; one million executed; two million dead in the concentration camps. Mr. Conquest estimated the death toll for the Stalin era at no less than 20 million.

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História da pobreza desde 1820

O poder de ideias

Bourgeois Equality: How Ideas, Not Capital, Enriched the World

Wednesday, 16 September 2015

What makes us better off? Dierdre McCloskey, Distinguished Professor of History, Economics, English, and Communication at the University of Illinois at Chicago, will deliver a lecture that argues ideas, rather than capital, play a crucial role.

In her talk, McCloskey will turn to social and intellectual history to claim that Europe is rich because of our openness to change. Her unique evaluation, challenging Weber, Keynes, Marx, and North, is based on the concluding volume of her trilogy The Bourgeois Era.
In her forthcoming book, Bourgeois Equality, McCloskey explores how dignity and liberty for commoners, unique to north western Europe for a time, produced the most surprising secular event in history: the Great Enrichment, from 1800 to the present. “Fantastically successful liberalism in the old European sense, applied to trade and politics as it was applied to science, music, painting and literature”. As the debate over inequality rages, McCloskey is optimistic that the liberal values of dignity and liberty will continue to allow societies to flourish.
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Gastos para educação

Brasileiros gastam mais com salão de beleza que com educação, diz estudo

Gasto das famílias em salões é de R$ 20,3 bi por ano,

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Liberalismo clássico

download gratuito

 Classical Liberalism: A Primer

Classical Liberalism: A Primer

Eamonn Butler. Foreword by Stephen Davies 16 Jul 2015

New IEA publication looks at the history and ideas behind classical liberalism

Download here

A greve continua

de Soto contra Piketty

Hernando De Soto dissects Thomas Piketty’s apocalyptic political thesis 

By Hernando de Soto
Special to the Miami Herald
Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the 21st Century has attracted worldwide attention not because he crusades against inequality — many of us do that — but because of its central thesis, based on his reading of the 19th and 20th centuries: that capital “mechanically produces arbitrary, unsustainable inequalities” inevitably leading the world to misery, violence and wars and will continue to do so in this century.

So far, Piketty’s critics have offered only technical objections to his number crunching without contesting his apocalyptic political thesis, which is clearly wrong. I know this because over the last years my teams conducted research in the field exploring countries where misery, violence and wars are rampant in the 21st century. What we discovered was that most people actually want more rather than less capital, and they want their capital to be real and not fictitious.
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Read more here: http://www.miamiherald.com/opinion/issues-ideas/article29774506.html#storylink=cpy

PIB e atividade econômica

Fooled by GDP Economic activity versus economic growth Steven Horwitz

These misunderstandings of economic growth take two forms. One form is to assume that the traditional measurements we use to track economic activity also describe economic growth, and the other form is to mistake the production of material things for economic growth.
Often at the core of this confusion is the concept of gross domestic product (GDP).
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Capitalismo vai vir depois o imperalismo

Capitalism Will (Eventually) Displace Imperialism

• Joseph Schumpeter

[This is the most important excerpt of Joseph Schumpeter’s 1918 book The Sociology of Imperialisms. He examines the history of empire in its many iterations and takes on the Marxist theory the capitalism and imperialism are linked. He rejects that view, and argues the exact opposite. Capitalism, built on a social structure of trade and mutual benefit, is anti-imperialist. All classes discover greater benefit from economic engagement than they could ever gain through conquest, violence, and pillaging. War itself, writes Schumpeter, is like nationalism itself, an old-world holdover from the age of autocracy, and all social, political, and economic forces are gradually working toward its elimination.

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Mestrado em Economia

Mestrado em Economia

Começa no dia 17/09/2015

Ministrado em Português

Conheça nosso programa da Pós Graduação em Economia
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Che - uma máquina de matar

Che Guevara, la máquina de matar

• UNA VISIÓN CRUDA Y DESMITIFICADORA DE LA TRAYECTORIA DEL REVOLUCIONARIO ARGENTINO COLABORADOR DE FIDEL CASTRO

Alvaro Vargas Llosa 31 JUL 2005

Este texto es un amplio extracto de un artículo escrito por el autor, originalmente en inglés, y publicado en la revista norteamericana 'The Republic' con el título 'The killing machine'. La traducción es de Eva Cruz. Álvaro Vargas Llosa pasa una mirada crítica a la vida revolucionaria de Ernesto Che Guevara (1928-1967).

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Mentiras históricas

Why Americans Believe That Bombing Hiroshima Was Necessary

By Gary G. Kohls, MD

August 1, 2015

August 6, 2015, is the 70^th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, a civilian city that had minimal military value, despite the claims of President Truman when he announced the event to the
The whole truth of what the Nuremburg tribunal would later help define as an international war crime and a crime against humanity has been heavily censored and mythologized ever since war-weary Americans in 1945 accepted the propaganda that the bombings were necessary to shorten the war and prevent the loss of a million US soldiers during the allegedly planned November 1945 invasion.
Of course, the reason that the United States wasn’t sanctioned like Germany was for the Jewish holocaust was that America was the victor and the occupier and thus it was in charge of making and enforcing the rules in the New World Order.
The United States military ambushed the equally defenseless Nagasaki City three days later with the second atomic bomb to ever be used against a civilian population (that no longer had any military value to Japan). “Fat Man”, the plutonium bomb named after Winston Churchill, was detonated before the Japanese leadership fully understood what had happened at Hiroshima.
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Salário mínimo como instrumento de eugenia

The Eugenics Plot Behind the Minimum Wage

There really was a white male scheme to exterminate African Americans 

Jeffrey A. Tucker

A careful look at its history shows that the minimum wage was originally conceived as part of a eugenics strategy — an attempt to engineer a master race through public policy designed to cleanse the citizenry of undesirables. To that end, the state would have to bring about the isolation, sterilization, and extermination of nonprivileged populations.
The eugenics movement — almost universally supported by the scholarly and popular press in the first decades of the 20th century — came about as a reaction to the dramatic demographic changes of the latter part of the 19th century. Incomes rose and lifetimes had expanded like never before in history. Such gains applied to all races and classes. Infant mortality collapsed. All of this was due to a massive expansion of markets, technology, and trade, and it changed the world. It meant a dramatic expansion of population among all groups. The great unwashed masses were living longer and reproducing faster.
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Efeito do salário mínimo

Black Teens Are Fired When the Minimum Wage Rises

The sector where many work is part of the problem.

By Frank McCoy

It is no surprise that Black teens, 16- to 19-years old, are disproportionately unemployed. At the Great Recession’s bottom, African-American teens had an unemployment rate of nearly 50 percent while the rate for all teens was 27.1 percent. In the weak post-Recession, many teens compete for jobs against down-sized adults with college degrees.
And economists William Even from Miami University and David Macpherson from Trinity University report that when a state, or the federal government, increases the minimum wage, Black teens are more likely to be laid off. The duo analyzed 600,000 data points, which the Employment Policies Institute says included “a robust sample of minority young adults unprecedented in previous studies on the minimum wage.”
The report focused on 16-to 24-year-old males without a high school diploma and found that for each 10 percent increase in the federal or state minimum wage employment for young Black males decreased 6.5 percent. By contrast, after the same wage boost, employment for white and Hispanic males fell respectively just 2.5 percent and 1.2 percent.

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Educação privada

For-profit education

The $1-a-week school

Private schools are booming in poor countries. Governments should either help them or get out of their way

Aug 1st 2015 | From the print edition

ACROSS the highway from the lawns of Nairobi’s Muthaiga Country Club is Mathare, a slum that stretches as far as the eye can see. Although Mathare has virtually no services like paved streets or sanitation, it has a sizeable and growing number of classrooms. Not because of the state—the slum’s half-million people have just four public schools—but because the private sector has moved in. Mathare boasts 120 private schools.

This pattern is repeated across Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. The failure of the state to provide children with a decent education is leading to a burgeoning of private places, which can cost as little as $1 a week (see article).
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Beijos - nunca mais

Beijo causa mais câncer do que bebida e cigarro

Por Redação Yahoo! Brasil

(Foto: Thinkstock)
Cigarro e bebida sempre são relacionados à saúde do ser humano como fatores agravantes e capazes de produzir doenças. Entretanto, um médico australiano destacou uma prática comum do dia a dia do ser humano e que pode ser tão letal quanto o tabaco e o álcool: o beijo.

Mahiban Thomas é chefe de cirurgia maxilo-facial, de cabeça e pescoço no Hospital Real Darwin, na Austrália. Segundo ele, em entrevista ao jornal “Metro”, o beijo pode ajudar a transmitir o vírus do papiloma humano, o HPV, uma família de vírus que pode levar ao cancro.

A relação entre câncer e o HPV é bem conhecida, mas na maior parte das vezes é relacionada ao câncer cervical.
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Piketty - destribuição

How Piketty Misses the Point

By Deirdre N. McCloskey

Thomas Piketty has written a big book — 577 pages of text; 76 pages of notes; 115 charts, tables, and graphs — that has excited the left worldwide. First published in French in 2013, an English edition was issued last year to wide acclaim and a top position on the New York Times bestseller list. It has been a long time since a technical treatise on economics has had such a market. An economist can only applaud. And an economic historian can only wax ecstatic.
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Escravidão

Um barão negro, seu palácio e seus 200 escravos

Família resgata memória de um dos homens mais ricos do Brasil Imperial e que ganhou título da princesa Isabel

por Caio Barretto Briso

Leia mais sobre esse assunto em http://oglobo.globo.com/rio/um-barao-negro-seu-palacio-seus-200-escravos-14573740#ixzz3hIlCVz9Z

© 1996 - 2015. Todos direitos reservados a Infoglobo Comunicação e Participações S.A. Este material não pode ser publicado, transmitido por broadcast, reescrito ou redistribuído sem autorização.

República "concurseira"

A educação do cidadão na república "concurseira"

Guilherme Perez Cabral

27/07/201510h06 > Atualizada 28/07/201511h55

Leia todos os artigos

O acesso a um cargo público, no Brasil, para quem não é do mundo da política, não tem curral eleitoral, nem é indicação de algum dono do poder, passa pelo (des)caminho dos concursos públicos. Então, prepare-se. Digo, não para o cargo. Não para o trabalho. Não para o exercício da cidadania. Prepare-se para a prova das múltiplas escolhas.
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Memos (textos narrativos) em vez de PowerPoint

Amazon demanda: 

Well structured, narrative text is what we're after rather than just text. If someone builds a list of bullet points in word, that would be just as bad as powerpoint.

The reason writing a 4 page memo is harder than "writing" a 20 page powerpoint is because the narrative structure of a good memo forces better thought and better understanding of what's more important than what, and how things are related.

Powerpoint-style presentations somehow give permission to gloss over ideas, flatten out any sense of relative importance, and ignore the innerconnectedness of ideas.

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A criação do Meio Oriente

A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East 

by David Fromkin

"The greatest accomplishment of the book is to dissect the mentality of British policymakers, which by today's standards was almost ghoulishly primitive."

"In A Peace to End All Peace, David Fromkin reveals how and why the Allies drew lines on an empty map that remade the geography and politics of the Middle East. Focusing on the formative years of 1914 to 1922, when all seemed possible, he delivers in this sweeping and magisterial book the definitive account of this defining time, showing how the choices narrowed and the Middle East began along a road that led to the conflicts and confusion that continue to this day."
This is the story of the greatest watershed of the 20C: sowing the seeds of the end of western domination as the impulse grew in colonial peoples to govern themselves. Not only did Turkey reinvent itself, but the Soviet Union was born, and the western powers (with the exception of the US) had squandered their human and financial resources catastrophically. Amazingly, what was going on in the Middle East at that time was seen as a backwater sideshow: virtually no one recognized the magnitude of change that was unleashed.
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O grupo Milner

Carroll Quigley's Conspiracy Theory: The Milner Group

Steve Sailer

Academic historians dislike the concept that history is often made by groups of individuals plotting together in confidence, even though one obvious way to get big things done is to make plans with your friends and allies while keeping your rivals in the dark as long as possible.
One exception is the late Georgetown history professor Carroll Quigley, who in 1949 completed a book rather grandly entitled The Anglo-American Establishment.
Decades later Bill Clinton was an undergrad student of Quigley (he got a B from him). In Clinton’s 1992 acceptance speech at the Democratic convention, he cited Quigley as an inspiration.
In reality, Quigley’s book, which wasn’t published until much later, was only very tangentially related to American institutions such as the Council of Foreign Relations. It actually focused on one group of British establishmentarians, the progressive imperialists who set up the British equivalent of the CFR, the Royal Institute of International Affairs (a.k.a., Chatham House), edited The Times of London for most of the first four decades of the 20th Century, and largely controlled the peculiarly influential All Souls College at Oxford.
Quigley calls them the Milner Group after Alfred Milner (1854-1925), an eminence grise who more or less started the Boer War of 1899-1902, then mentored “Milner’s Kindergarten” of bright young men in running South Africa, and finally popped up again in Lloyd George’s five-man war cabinet in 1917. But Milner mostly served behind the scenes.
Quigley traces the Milner Group back to the far more colorful Cecil Rhodes’ desire to start a “Secret Society” to promote Angl0-American unity and global domination. In the first five wills written by the mining tycoon of southern Africa, Rhodes (1853-1902) called for his estate to fund a secret society to reunify America with Britain and promote Anglo settlement of the world. For example, Rhodes wrote in his first will that he was leaving his fortune:
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Fascismo brasileiro

 Paulo Roberto de Almeida

O Estado Fascista do Brasil

O fascismo, reduzido à sua expressão mais simples, é quando o Estado manda em você, e você sequer tem consciência disso, uma vez que tal interação passa quase despercebida, já foi embutida pela sociedade. O contrário do fascismo é, obviamente, uma sociedade libertária, onde cada um usa de seu livre arbítrio para guiar-se na vida e nas atividades cotidianas. Tomados nesse entendimento ideal-típico mais simples possível, é claro que ambos os conceitos não expressam nenhuma sociedade concreta, nossa contemporânea, mas eles podem ajudar a situar os casos nacionais num ou noutro extremo desse espectro que leva do fascismo explícito ao libertarianismo utópico. Em outros termos, uma sociedade será tanto mais fascista, ou tendencialmente libertária, quando os comportamentos típicos dos indivíduos se aproximarem do inferno dirigista a cargo do Estado, ou da mais plena liberdade pessoal, sem interferência estatal.
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Gulag britânico

Britain's Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya March 13, 2014 by Caroline Elkins  

Only a few years after Britain defeated fascism came the Mau Mau uprising in Kenya - a mass armed rebellion by the Kikuyu people, demanding the return of their land and freedom. The draconian response of Britain's colonial government was to detain nearly the entire Kikuyu population of 1.5 million and to portray them as sub-human savages. Detainees in their thousands - possibly a hundred thousand or more - died from exhaustion, disease, starvation and systemic physical brutality. For decades these events remained untold. Caroline Elkins conducted years of research to piece together this story, unearthing reams of documents and interviewing several hundred Kikuyu survivors. Britain's Gulag reveals, for the first time, the full savagery of the Mau Mau war and the ruthless determination with which Britain sought to control its empire.

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Antologia filosofia, política e economia

Philosophy, Politics, and Economics: An Anthology 1st Edition

by Jonathan Anomaly (Author), Geoffrey Brennan (Author), Michael C. Munger (Author), Geoffrey Sayre-McCord (Author)

1. POLITICAL AUTHORITY
Plato, Crito
Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan
John Locke, Popular Basis of Political Authority
David Hume, Of the Original Contract
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract

2. RATIONAL CHOICE
Gary Becker, The Economic Way of Looking at Behavior
David Schmidtz, Reasons for Altruism
David Gauthier, Rationality: Maximization Constrained
Gregory Kavka, The Toxin Puzzle

3. GAME THEORY
Simon Blackburn, Game Theory and Rational Choice
Thomas Schelling, Dynamic Models of Segregation
Gerry Mackie, Ending Foot Binding and Infibulation: A Convention Account
Geoffrey Brennan and Gordon Tullock, An Economic Theory of Military Tactics: Methodological Individualism at War

4. PROPERTY
John Locke, Of Property
David Hume, Of Justice and Property
Karl Marx, Capital, Primitive Accumulation
Thomas Paine, Agrarian Justice
David Schmidtz, The Institution of Property

5. MARKETS
Market Advantages
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, Of the Division of Labor
Friedrich Hayek, The Use of Knowledge in Society
Leonard Read, I, Pencil
Market Fairness
St. Thomas Aquinas, Sins Committed in Buying and Selling
John Locke, What is a Fair Price?
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, "Of the Expences of the Sovereign"
Market Failures
Tyler Cowen, Public Goods
Jonathan Anomaly, Public Goods and Government Action
David Friedman, Market Failures

6. COLLECTIVE ACTION
Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action
Jean Hampton, Free Rider Problems in the Production of Collective Goods
Elinor Ostrom, Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms
Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, The Evolutionary Basis of Collective Action

7. JUSTICE
John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism
John Rawls, A Theory of Justice
Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia
Gerald Cohen, Robert Nozick and Wilt Chamberlain: How Patterns Preserve Liberty

8. EQUALITY
Harry Frankfurt, Equality as a Moral Ideal
Richard Arneson, Equality and Equal Opportunity for Welfare
Amartya Sen, Equality of What?
Robert Nozick, Equality of Opportunity
Kurt Vonnegut, Harrison Bergeron

9. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Steven Kelman, An Ethical Critique of Cost-Benefit Analysis
Elizabeth Anderson, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Safety, and Environmental Quality
David Schmidtz, A Place for Cost-Benefit Analysis

10. PUBLIC CHOICE
James Buchanan, Public Choice: Politics without Romance
Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy
Michael Munger, Rent-Seek and You Will Find
James Buchanan, How Can Constitutions Be Designed so that Politicians Who Seek to Serve the "Public Interest" Can Survive and Prosper?
Michael Huemer, Why People Are Irrational about Politics

11. REASONS TO VOTE
Geoffrey Brennan and Loren Lomasky, Is There a Duty to Vote?
Jason Brennan, Polluting the Polls: When Citizens Should Not Vote
Geoffrey Brennan and Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Voting and Causal Responsibility

12. LIBERTY AND PATERNALISM
John Stuart Mill, On Liberty
Gerald Dworkin, Paternalism
Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein, Libertarian Paternalism Is Not an Oxymoron

13. MARKETS ON THE MARGIN
Sex
Martha Nussbaum, Whether from Reason or Prejudice: Taking Money for Bodily Services
David Friedman, Marriage, Sex and Babies
Drugs
Michael Huemer, America's Unjust Drug War
Peter de Marneffe, Against the Legalization of Drugs
Jeffrey Miron, The Economics of Drug Prohibition and Drug Legalization
Organs
Arthur Caplan, Organ Transplantation
Gerald Dworkin, Markets and Morals: The Case for Organ Sales
Sweatshops
Benjamin Powell and Matt Zwolinski, The Ethical and Economic Case Against Sweatshop Labor: A Critical Assessment
Mathew Coakley and Michael Kates, The Ethical and Economic Case for Sweatshop Regulation
Price Gouging
Michael Munger, They Clapped: Can Price Gouging Laws Prohibit Scarcity?
Jeremy Snyder, What's the Matter with Price Gouging?
Matt Zwolinski, Price Gouging, Non-Worseness, and Distributive Justice
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