quinta-feira, 31 de janeiro de 2019
Desigualdade não importa mais
Obviamente. Porque la diferencia entre el homo sapiens más rico de la caverna y el más pobre de los Neanderthales postergados, hacen 100.000 años, era apenas la comida de 3 días. Y si hoy comparamos la diferencia entre la fortuna de Bill Gates y la mía, que no soy ni siquiera pobre, es la comida de 3 mil años... Y no voy a vivir tantos. Y ni hablar, si lo comparamos con un indigente. Pero hasta el indigente de hoy, si lo medimos en calidad de vida, acceso a salud y educación, y todos los indicadores de prosperidad, es muchísimo más rico que el más rico de la caverna de hacen 100.000 años.
Sem solução
Gödel’s finding was first connected to the physical world in 1936, by British mathematician Alan Turing. “Turing thought more clearly about the relationship between physics and logic than Gödel did,” says Rebecca Goldstein, a US author who has written a biography of Gödel.
Turing reformulated Gödel’s result in terms of algorithms executed by an idealized computer that can read or write one bit at a time. He showed that there are some algorithms that are undecidable by such a ‘Turing machine’: that is, it’s impossible to tell whether the machine could complete the calculations in a finite amount of time. And there is no general test to see whether any particular algorithm is undecidable. The same restrictions apply to real computers, since any such devices are mathematically equivalent to a Turing machine.
Since the 1990s, theoretical physicists have tried to embody Turing’s work in idealized models of physical phenomena. But "the undecidable questions that they spawned did not directly correspond to concrete problems that physicists are interested in”, says Markus Müller, a theoretical physicist at Western University in London, Canada, who published one such model with Gogolin and another collaborator in 2012.
“I think it’s fair to say that ours is the first undecidability result for a major physics problem that people would really try to solve,” says Cubitt.
Inovação e emprego
Junto o David Levine o Michele Boldrin vem desde muito tempo fazendo críticas duras e consistentes aos mecanismos legais de formação de monopólios. Não fiquem apenas na manchete, leiam a entrevista inteira, que infelizmente é muito curta, para conhecer um pouco do pensamento de um dos economistas mais provocadores que tive a oportunidade de conhecer.
Michele Boldrin: "A desigualdade é fruto da inovação. Cada coisa que você inventa tende a dar vantagem a algumas pessoas e substituir outras, diminuindo a utilidade destas últimas do ponto de vista social", afirma o economista do Departamento de Economia da Universidade Washington #arquivoelpais
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