“Classical liberal”: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy contains an entry
on “Liberalism” by Gerald Gaus and Shane D. Courtland (2011). In reproducing
the following passage I suppress the citations contained within it:
For classical liberals—sometimes called the ‘old’ liberalism—liberty
and private property are intimately related. From the eighteenth century
right up to today, classical liberals have insisted that an economic system
based on private property is uniquely consistent with individual liberty,
allowing each to live her life—including employing her labor and her
capital—as she sees fit. Indeed, classical liberals and libertarians have
often asserted that in some way liberty and property are really the same
thing; it has been argued, for example, that all rights, including liberty
rights, are forms of property; others have maintained that property is
itself a form of freedom. A market order based on private property is
thus seen as an embodiment of freedom. Unless people are free to make
contracts and to sell their labour, or unless they are free to save their
incomes and then invest them as they see fit, or unless they are free to
run enterprises when they have obtained the capital, they are not really
free. (Gaus and Courtland 2011; first italics added)
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